Which Topics Will be Covered at the VCE Exam Revision Lectures?
VCE Exam Revision Lectures (Unit 3 & Unit 4): Topics Being Covered
Unit 3 Accounting
You Will Cover the Following Topics: The application of Accounting Assumptions and Qualitative Characteristics to recording and reporting financial information. The double entry recording of cash & credit transactions into the General Journal & Ledger accounts, including the GST Clearing ledger. Inventory recording using the FIFO & Identified Cost methods, distinguishing between product & period costs and the application of the Lower of Cost & Net Realisable Value rule. Preparing the Income Statement, Balance Sheet & Statements of Cash Flows. Ethical considerations & financial analysis.
Unit 4 Accounting
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Recording & reporting financial data Using a double entry accrual-based system, recording & reporting balance day adjustments (both expenses & revenues), the purchase & disposal of non-current assets, different methods of depreciation, analysing budgeted accounting reports & variance reports & the effect of alternative strategies on the performance of a business, as well as the ethical considerations of business owners when making decisions, including financial, social & environmental.
Unit 3 Business Management
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Business Foundations: Types of businesses & their objectives, stakeholders; their characteristics & potential conflicts, management styles & the appropriateness of each style in relation to the nature of a task & employee involved, management skills, their features & relationship to management styles & corporate culture. Human Resource Management: The relationship between human resource management & achieving business objectives, theories of motivation & their key principles, including Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow), Goal Setting Theory (Locke & Latham) & the Four Drive Theory (Lawrence & Nohria), motivating employees, effects of using motivation strategies on employees, the advantages & disadvantages of the different motivation strategies & on/off-the-job training options, termination management, the roles of participants in the workplace, awards & agreements, the dispute resolution process including mediation & arbitration. Operations Management: Key elements & management of operations systems, strategies to maximise efficiency & effectiveness of operations (technological developments, materials quality & waste minimisation), the pull, one-piece flow, takt, zero defects strategy, corporate social responsibility & global considerations for operations management.
Unit 4 Business Management
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Reviewing Performance – The Need for Change: Business change, proactive & reactive approaches to change, using KPI’s to analyse the performance of businesses, the Force Field Analysis theory (Lewin), driving & restraining forces for change in business, strategic management according to Porter’s Generic Strategies. Implementing Change: The importance of effective management strategies & leadership in change management; management strategies to respond to KPI’s &/or seek new business opportunities, corporate culture & strategies for its development, the Learning Organisation (Senge), high & low risk strategies to overcome employee resistance, the Three-step Change Model (Lewin), the effect of change on stakeholder groups, incorporating corporate social responsibility into the change process, reviewing KPI’s to evaluate the effectiveness of business transformation.
Unit 3 Legal Studies
You Will Cover the Following Topics: The Victorian Criminal Justice System: The principles of justice & the key concepts in the Victorian criminal justice system, rights of victims & the accused, the role of Victoria Legal Aid & Victorian community legal centres, committal proceedings & plea negotiation, the Victorian court hierarchy & the responsibilities of key personnel in a criminal trial, factors considered in sentencing, sanctions, fines, community corrections orders & imprisonment & their specific purposes, factors that affect the ability of the criminal justice system to achieve the principles of justice, recent reforms & recommended reforms to the criminal justice system. The Victorian Civil Justice System: The factors to consider when initiating a civil claim, institutions & methods used to resolve civil disputes, the purposes & types of remedies & the factors that affect the ability of the civil justice system to achieve the principles of justice.
Unit 4 Legal Studies
You Will Cover the Following Topics: The People and the Australian Constitution: The role of the Crown and the Houses of Parliament in law-making, the division of constitutional law-making powers of the state and Commonwealth parliaments, Section 109 of the Australian Constitution, the means by which the Australian Constitution acts as check on parliament in law-making. The People, the Parliament & the Courts: Factors that affect the ability of parliament and the courts to make law, the roles of the Victorian courts and the High Court in law-making, statutory interpretation, the relationship between courts and parliament in law-making and law reform.
English (Unit 3) – Analysing Argument in Exams
You will extend on your ability to dissect and present your analysis about how points of view are presented and learn how to write controlled, high quality responses which present arguments and points of view using language that is specific to the exam assessment criteria. You will also investigate the ways persuasive language is used to express an argument, how authors construct arguments to position audiences as well as structure, conventions and relevant metalanguage.
English (Unit 3) – Writing A+ Exam Text Responses
You will refine the skills you’ve developed in Area of Study 1 – Reading & Creating Texts and perfect the art of writing structured and sophisticated arguments that use detailed analysis of the key elements of text.
English (Unit 3) – Individual Text Analysis Lectures
During these lectures you will concentrate on the analytical interpretation of your selected text. You will analyse how the features of your text create meaning and influence interpretation, examine the explicit and implied ideas and values, and how to use textual evidence correctly to justify analytical responses. Each session will also explore the context, themes, key passages, plots, characters, settings & language style of each individual text.
Unit 3 Health & Human Development
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Understanding Health & Wellbeing: The complex, dynamic & global nature of health & wellbeing, benefits & importance of optimal health & wellbeing, prerequisites for health as determined by the WHO, indicators used to measure & understand health status, Australia’s health status data, the burden of disease of smoking, alcohol, high body mass index & dietary risks. Promoting Health & Wellbeing: Changes to public health approaches, improvements in population health over time & reasons for such improvements, Australia’s health system (Medicare, PBS, NDIS & private health insurance), evaluation of the role & effectiveness of health promotion strategies, initiatives that have been introduced to improve Indigenous health & wellbeing & to promote healthy eating in Australia.
Unit 4 Health & Human Development
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Health & Wellbeing in a Global Context: Characteristics of, similarities & differences in health status & burden of disease in high-, middle- & low-income countries, changes in burden of disease over time, sustainability, human development & the HDI, implications for health & wellbeing due to climate change, conflict, mass migration, tourism, digital technologies & world trade. Health & the Sustainable Development Goals: The rationale, objectives & key features of the UN’s SDGs, relationships between SDG 3 & SDGs 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 & 13, purpose & characteristics of the different types of aid, features of effective aid programs, Australia’s aid program – features, priority areas & partnerships involved, how individuals can engage with communities, national & international organisations to promote health & wellbeing, priorities & the work of the WHO.
Unit 3 Physical Education
You Will Cover the Following Topics: How are Movement Skills Improved?: Development & refinement of movement skills using biomechanical & skill acquisition principles, qualitative movement analysis principles, biomechanical principles for analysis of human movement, direct & constraints based approaches to coaching & instruction, sociocultural factors that affect skill development, the 3 stages of learning, practice strategies to improve movement skills (amount, distribution & variability), types of & frequency of feedback. How Does the Body Produce Energy?: Systems & mechanisms associated with energy production (fuels, ATP-CP, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic system, ATP production rate, yield of each energy system), factors contributing to fatigue, recovery strategies used to return to pre-exercise conditions, oxygen uptake during rest, exercise & recovery, oxygen deficit, steady state & excess oxygen consumption, the roles in supplying oxygen & energy to muscles & the physiological responses to exercise in the cardiovascular, respiratory
& muscular systems.
Unit 4 Physical Education
You Will Cover the Following Topics: What are the Foundations of an Effective Training Program?: Activity analysis, fitness components (aerobic power, agility, anaerobic capacity, balance, body composition, coordination, flexibility, muscular endurance, power & strength, reaction time & speed), fitness assessment, methods of at least two standardised, recognised tests for aerobic power, agility, anaerobic capacity, body composition, flexibility, muscular endurance, power, speed & strength. How is Training Implemented Effectively to Improve Fitness?: Monitoring & recording physiological, psychological & sociological training data, components of an exercise training session, training program principles & methods, psychological strategies used to enhance performance & aid recovery, nutritional & rehydration recovery strategies & chronic adaptations of the cardiovascular, respiratory & muscular systems to aerobic, anaerobic & resistance training.
Unit 3 General Mathematics
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Data Analysis, Probability & Statistics (AOS 1) – Data Types & Representation: Data tables, two-way frequency tables, segmented bar charts, dot plots, stem plots, histograms & logarithmic graphs, box plots, measures of spread & central tendency, the normal distribution curve, the 68-95-99.7% rule & standardised values. The Association Between Two Variables: Back to back stem plots, parallel dot plots & boxplots, scatterplots, identifying the strength of association between two variables, the Pearson correlation coefficient & its applications, cause & effect. Linear Associations: Least squares line of best fit & modelling linear associations between two numerical variables, coefficient of determination, use of residual analysis to check quality of fit, data transformation (square, logarithmic & reciprocal transformations) & using the least squares line fitted to the transformed data to make predictions. Time Series: Time series plots (including trend, seasonality & irregular fluctuations), outliers & their sources, discontinuity, numerical smoothing using moving means, graphical smoothing of time series plots using moving medians, seasonal adjustment, modelling trends & making forecasts. Discrete Mathematics (AOS 2): Recursion & Financial Modelling: Using first-order linear recurrence relations to generate the terms of a sequence & together with the time value of money (TVM), to model, analyse & solve a range of financial situations involving simple & compound interest investments & loans (including nominal & effective interest rates & the determination of the value of the compound interest loan, future value & investment after n compounding periods), appreciation of investments, depreciation of assets (flat rate, unit cost & reducing balance depreciation of the value of an asset with time including the determination of the depreciating value & future value of an asset after n depreciation periods), amortisation of a reducing balance loan, including the use of a recurrence relation to determine the value of the loan or investment after n payments, calculating the payment made, the amount of interest paid, the reduction in the principal & the balance of the loan, the impact of a change in interest rate on repayment amount, time to repay the loan, total interest paid & the total cost of the loan & annuities
& perpetuities.
Unit 4 General Mathematics
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Matrices & their Applications: (Matrix arithmetic (types of matrices, matrix operations, transpose of a matrix), inverses & determinants, properties & applications binary & permutation matrices, communication & dominance matrices, representing & solving systems of linear equations); Transition Matrices: (Generating state matrices, the equilibrium state matrix, transition diagrams & their associated transition & state matrices, using transition matrices & state matrices to model & analyse practical situations, using first-order linear matrix recurrence relations to model a range of situations & solve related problems); Networks & Decision Mathematics: Graphs & networks (planar graphs, Euler’s rule, digraphs & networks & their applications); Exploring & Travelling Problems (walks, paths, conditions, properties & applications of Eulerian trails & circuits, Hamiltonian paths & cycles); Trees & Minimum Connector Problems (trees & spanning trees, minimum spanning trees in weighted connector graph & minimal connector problems, Prim’s algorithm); Flow Problems (use of networks to model flow problems & find solutions, the ‘maximum-flow minimum-cut theorem), shortest path applications, matching problems, scheduling problems & critical path analysis
Unit 3 Mathematical Methods
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Functions, Relations & Graphs: Graphs & key features of power, exponential, logarithmic, circular & inverse functions, transformation from to , families of transformed functions, graphs of the sum, difference, product & composite functions, piece-wise functions & mathematical modelling of real world situations. Algebra, Number & Structure: The algebra of polynomial, power, exponential, logarithmic, circular, inverse & composite functions & solutions of their equations & equations of the form using graphical, numerical & algebraic methods, solutions of literal equations, solving systems of simultaneous linear equations with infinite, unique or no solutions & general solutions of equations. Calculus: Continuity & differentiability of functions, derivatives of polynomial, power, exponential, circular & composite functions using the chain rule, product rule & quotient rule, abstract derivatives & select applications of differentiation to graph sketching (including stationary points & points of inflection, local & endpoint maxima & minima, strictly increasing & decreasing functions & intervals).
Unit 4 Mathematical Methods
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Calculus: Applications of Differentiation: (, worded optimisation questions, graphs of the derivative function, rates of changes, tangents & kinematics), Integration & Its Applications (Anti-differentiation techniques, properties of definite integrals, integration by recognition, definite integrals, areas under & between curves, area approximations using the trapezium rule, average values). Probability: (Random variables, the general discrete, binomial, general continuous & normal distributions (graphs, calculating & interpreting probabilities, means, standard deviations, variance & dissecting & solving worded applications, effects of changing the values of defining parameters,conditional probability); Statistical Inference: (Population & sample parameters & statistics, distribution of the sampling proportion, using the normla distribution to approximate the population prportion, standard deviation & determine (and interpret) confidence intervals).
Unit 3 Specialist Mathematics
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Logic & Proof: Conjectures, connectives, quantifiers, examples & counter-examples, & proof techniques including direct proofs, proof by cases, contradiction, contrapositive & mathematical induction. Functions, Relations & Graphs: Graphing & the analysis of key features of the graphs of rational functions & other simple quotient functions (including asymptotic behaviour) & expressing rational functions as sums of partial fractions. Complex Numbers: The algebra of complex numbers, polar form, De Moivre’s Theorem (powers & roots of complex numbers in polar form) & their geometrical representation & interpretation, the nth roots of unity, factors over C & the informal treatment of the fundamental theorem of algebra & the conjugate root theorem. Calculus: Derivatives of inverse circular functions, second derivatives & their applications (concavity & points of inflection), related rates & implicit differentiation, advanced techniques in integration (including u substitution & integration by parts) & applications of integration including arc lengths for parametrically determined curves, areas of regions bound by curves, surface areas & volumes of solids of revolution about the X & Y axes.
Unit 4 Specialist Mathematics
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Calculus: Partial fractions, applications in integration, setting up & solving differential equations (including exponential growth & decay, the logistic equation, Newton’s Law of Cooling, mixing problems, Euler’s Method, direction (slope) fields), kinematics (displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion under constant acceleration, vertical motion under gravity, motion in a resisting medium, velocity-time graphs & setting up & solving differential equations in kinematics), Vectors: Vector algebra, linear dependence & independence, unit vectors & orthogonal unit vectors, resolution of a vector into rectangular components scalar (dot) product of two vectors, scalar & vector resolutes, vector (cross) product of two vectors in 3 dimensions, the determinant form, parallel & perpendicular vectors, vector proofs of simple geometric results. Vector & Cartesian Equations: Vector & parametric equations of curves in 2 or 3 dimensions involving a parameter, vector equation of a straight line in both 2 and 3 dimensions, vector cross product, normal to a plane & vector, parametric & cartesian equations of a plane. Vector Calculus: Position vectors as functions of time sketching paths given the function (including circles, ellipses & hyperbolas in cartesian or parametric forms), the positions of two particles for them to meet, differentiation & anti-differentiation of a vector function with respect to time, applications of vector calculus to motion in a plane & in 3 dimensions. Probability & Statistics: Linear combinations of random variables, statistical inference with respect to the mean of a single population, the determination of confidence intervals, and hypothesis testing for the mean using the distribution of sample means.
Unit 3 Biology
You Will Cover the Following Topics: DNA and RNA, the genetic code, gene expression (transcription, RNA processing and translation), the structure of genes and their regulation (including the trp operon), proteins and protein structure, enzymes and enzymatic activity and the export of proteins from a cell. DNA manipulation including enzymes used in genetic studies, CRISPR-Cas9, PCR, gel electrophoresis, DNA profiling, recombinant technology and production of insulin, genetically modified and transgenic organisms and their role in agriculture. Biochemical Pathways: Photosynthesis and cellular respiration, adaptations of C3, C4 and CAM plants, factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis and respiration.
Unit 3 Chemistry
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Energy: Fossil fuels, biofuels, energy transformations, enthalpy, thermochemical equations, calculating the energy content of fuels, the Universal Gas Equation, comparison of fuels, stoichiometry of combustion reactions, specific heat capacity of water, the structure, operation, applications and uses of galvanic cells, fuel cells and electrolytic cells, Faraday’s Laws, recharging batteries, large scale production of chemicals via electrolysis. Rates of reaction, Equilibrium including applications of Le Chatelier’s Principle and the analysis of concentration -time graphs.
Unit 3 Physics
You Will Cover the Following Topics: Straight-line, projectile, circular and orbital motion; inclined planes; Newton’s Laws of Motion; momentum and impulse; kinetic, gravitational and elastic potential energy; special relativity; electrical, magnetic and gravitational fields; generation, transmission and use of electricity; electric motors, generators, alternators and transformers; magnetic forces, induced voltage (Faraday’s Law), transformers, power loss, DC motors and generators.
Unit 3 Psychology
You Will Cover the Following Topics:
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VCE Unit 4 Exam Revision Lectures: Topics Being Covered
Unit 4 Accounting
Topics include: Recording and reporting financial data using a double entry accrual-based system, recording and reporting balance day adjustments (both expenses and revenues), the purchase and disposal of non-current assets, different methods of depreciation, analysing budgeted accounting reports and variance reports and the effect of alternative strategies on the performance of a business, as well as the ethical considerations of business owners when making decisions, including financial, social and environmental.
Unit 4 Business Management
Topics include:
Unit 4 Legal Studies
Topics include:
Unit 4 English: Writing A+ Comparative Text Responses
This lecture will focus on the elements of high scoring comparative text responses including the mechanics involved in writing sophisticated, well-structured comparative essays in the exam. You will discover what the assessors expect from students aiming for the higher scores and learn how, why and where marks are often lost in the English exam. You will also develop further skills to improve the way you unpack and respond to the different types of comparative prompts, discuss how you can demonstrate that you have an insightful grasp of the meaningful connections, similarities and differences, and how to include meaningful comparative commentary that adeptly juxtaposes the two texts in response to the actual topic.
The features of comparative analysis: structure, conventions and language, including relevant metalanguage, as well as the auditing and editing process will
also be discussed. A detailed, foolproof checklist will be provided to ensure you perform to your absolute best in this challenging section of the English exam.
Note that this lecture is concerned with the mechanics of comparative text essay writing and not the specific analysis of text pairs.
Unit 4 English: Analysis of Specific Text Pairs
During these lectures, you will explore the meaningful connections between your chosen pair of texts and analyse the interplay between character and setting, voice and structure, and how ideas, issues and themes are conveyed. You will also explore important similarities and differences and how the texts deal with similar or related ideas, issues or themes from different perspectives to reflect particular values. You will also explore further perspectives and approaches regarding how to unpack essay prompts and formulate strong essay plans and how to use textual evidence to support comparative analysis in line with the examination criteria.
Unit 4 English Language
Topics include: How Australian English varies according to geography and culture (including Aboriginal English & ethnolects), attitudes within society to different varieties of Australian English, metalanguage to discuss varieties of Australian English, social and personal variation in language, features of language that contribute to a sense of individual identity and group membership, how language is shaped by social expectations and community attitudes, the ways in which people draw on their linguistic repertoire to gain power and prestige, including exploiting overt and covert norms, the relationship between social attitudes and language choices, metalanguage to discuss representations of identity in texts.
Unit 4 Health & Human Development
Topics include: Characteristics of, and similarities and differences in health status and burden of disease in high-, middle- and low-income countries, changes in burden of disease over time, sustainability, human development and the HDI, implications for health and wellbeing due to climate change, conflict, mass migration, tourism, digital technologies and world trade, rationale, objectives and key features of the UN’s SDGs, relationships between SDG 3 and SDGs 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 13, priorities and the work of the WHO.
Unit 4 Physical Education
Topics include: Fitness components ( aerobic power, agility, anaerobic capacity, balance, body composition, coordination, flexibility, muscular endurance, muscular power, muscular strength, reaction time and speed), monitoring and recording physiological, psychological and sociological training data, components of an exercise training session, training program principles, training methods (aerobic, anaerobic, flexibility & resistance), psychological strategies used to enhance performance and aid recovery, nutritional and rehydration recovery strategies, chronic adaptations of the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems to aerobic, anaerobic and resistance training.
Unit 4 General Maths
Topics include:
Unit 4 Maths Methods
Topics include:
Unit 4 Specialist Maths
Topics include:
Unit 4 Biology
Topics include: The immune response, inflammation, cellular response, acquiring immunity, the role of the lymphatic system, lymphocytes, antibodies and T cells in the immune response, natural vs artificial immunity, emergence of new pathogen, re-emergence of known pathogens, strategies to identify and control the spread of pathogens, vaccination programs, herd immunity, immunotherapy strategies including monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Evolution: changing allele frequencies and biological consequences (selection pressures, genetic drift, gene flow, mutations), selective breeding programs, bacterial resistance and viral antigenic drift, fossil records, dating of fossils, allopatric and sympatric speciation, determining the relatedness of species, human changes over time and the migration of human populations around the world over time.
Unit 4 Chemistry
Topics include: The structure, nomenclature and reactions of organic compounds, trends in physical properties, designing reaction pathways for the synthesis of organic molecules, isomers, enantiomers, analysis of organic compounds (including IR spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC and volumetric analysis), proteins (including protein structure), carbohydrates, fats and oils and how the composition, structural arrangement and intramolecular and intermolecular bonding determines the properties and reactivity of chemical substances. Enzymes and the factors that affect enzymatic activity will also be investigated as well as denaturation, calorimetry and analysing the energy content of foods.
Unit 4 Physics
Topics include: Properties of mechanical and electromagnetic waves, wave behaviour reflection, refraction, diffraction, transmission, waves interacting with other waves (interference patterns, resonance and standing waves), the development of the wave theory and particle theory for light, the photon model for light, the electromagnetic spectrum, Young’s double slit experiment, the photoelectric effect and Planck’s constant, matter waves, the de Broglie wavelength of matter, similarities between light and matter (photons, atomic absorption and emission spectra, energy levels, the quantum nature of light, the single photon/electron double slit experiment and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle.
Unit 4 Psychology
Topics include: